How to Find the Subject of a Sentence

The most effective method to Find the Subject of a Sentence In English punctuation, a subject is one of the two fundamental pieces of a sentence. (The other primary part is the predicate.) The subject is here and there called the naming piece of a sentence or statement. The subject generally shows up before the predicate to appear (a) what the sentence is about, or (b) who or what plays out the activity. As demonstrated as follows, the subject is usually a thing, pronoun, or thing phrase. Sorts of Subjects A subject might be single word or a few words. The subject might be only a solitary word: a thing or a pronoun. In this first model, the formal person, place or thing Felix is the subject of the sentence: Felix chuckled. In the following model, the individual pronoun he is the subject: He chuckled. The subject might be a thing expression - that is, a word bunch comprised of a head thing and any modifiers, determiners, (for example, the, a, her), and additionally supplements. In this model, the subject is The main individual in line: The main individual in line addressed the TV columnist. (At least two) things, pronouns, or thing expressions might be connected by and to make a compound subject. In this model, the compound subject is Winnie and her sister: Winnie and her sister will sing at the presentation tonight. A Note About Subjects in Questions and Commands In a revelatory sentence, as weve seen, the subject normally shows up before the predicate: Bobo will return soon. In an inquisitive sentence, in any case, the subject normally shows up after a helping action word, (for example, will) and before the fundamental action word, (for example, return): Will Bobo return soon? At long last, in a basic sentence, the suggested subject you is supposed to be comprehended: [ You] Come back here. Instances of Subjects In every one of the accompanying sentences, the subject is in italics. Time flies.We will try.The Johnsons have returned.Dead men tell no tales.Our school cafeteria consistently possessed a scent like stale cheddar and messy socks.The kids in the main column got badges.The sexual intimacy are flying in the trees.My little pooch and my old feline play find the stowaway in the garage.Could you convey a portion of these books?[You] Go home at this point. Practice in Identifying Subjects Utilizing the models in this article as a guide, distinguish the subjects in the accompanying sentences. When youre done, contrast your answers and those beneath. Elegance cried.They will come.The educators are tired.The instructors and the understudies are tired.His new toy is now broken.The lady in the rear of the room asked a question.Will you play with me?My sibling and his closest companion are shaping a band.Please be quiet.The elderly person at the leader of the line wasâ holding a Darth Vaderâ lightsaber. Beneath (in intense) are the responses to the activity. Grace cried.They will come.The teachersâ are tired.The educators and the studentsâ are tired.His new toyâ is as of now broken.The lady in the rear of the roomâ asked a question.Will you play with me?My sibling and his best friendâ are framing a band.[You] Please be quiet.The elderly person at the leader of the lineâ wasâ holding a childâ byâ each hand.

Managing Value Chain Development of Global Value Chains

Question: Portray about the Managing Value Chain for Development of Global Value Chains. Answer: Presentation The advancement of Global Value Chains (GVCs) consider the globalization systems of the business establishments with the end goal that they keep an eye on seaward the help and non-creation works along various worldwide areas for aiding in upgrading the degree of its serious potential in the universal objective market. The re-appropriating of various capacities related to promoting, deals and circulation and at times the creation capacities contribute in both lessening the business and hierarchical expense and furthermore in picking up the advantages of utilizing limited assets and abilities for meeting of business and authoritative objectives(Butollo, 2015). The rebuilding of the current organizations dependent on consolidation of redistributing capacities identifying with the improvement of global creation, promoting, conveyance and sourcing units contribute in upgrading the degree of upper hand for the firm. The GVCs to be fruitful anyway are required to work in an incorporated man ner for meeting the comprehensive goals of the firm (MacDonald, 2014). The paper centers around thinking about various contemplations related to the improvement of the Global Value Chains or GVCs. It additionally centers around understanding the effects of such contemplations in affecting the worldwide worldview of the associations esteem chain. Effect of Globalization on Value Chain Upper hand Considerations Globalization of the current worth chains creates upper hand attributable to the turn of events and joining of data and correspondence innovation (ICT) based devices and procedures. The utilization of ICT instruments in a perfect world contribute in robotizing flexibly chain and coordinations capacities, advancement of uses like PC supported devices for structuring of items and various segments and furthermore the improvement of creation types of gear that would work in a mechanized and electronic manner. The improvement of the above procedures would contribute in the progression of required data along various pieces of the worldwide worth chain in a quicker manner and furthermore requiring diminished administration. Further, the turn of events and utilization of web innovation likewise contributes in decreasing the obstructions of passage of firms to enter a remote market and furthermore increase upgraded investment in worldwide worth chains. Be that as it may, the above characteris tics thusly may make new hindrances and dangers for section of further new firms in the market (Ziga-Arias, 2007). Further, globalization of significant worth chains additionally contributes in improving the degree of upper hand through the improvement of redistributing activities by the organizations engaged with assembling and amassing enterprises. The assembling and gathering firms center around upgrading their possibilities with respect to item improvement and promoting capacities while re-appropriating the acquisition and assembling capacities. Further, the bigger sourcing and provider firms thusly redistribute the sourcing capacities to other little and medium providers. The above procedures in a perfect world assistance in upgrading the economies of scale for the assembling and creation enterprises. Firms increase upper hand as far as improving item decent variety and collections and furthermore dependent on their center in regards to advancement of the current marking endeavors through extensive advertising and limited time capacities. Further, the development of impalpable capacities rel ated with development of style and configuration patterns, advancement of new kinds of items and forms and furthermore novel brand characters appropriately requires the development of division of work and specialization (Federico, 2006). Monetary Considerations The globalization of the worth chains are seen to push the exporters increase viable access to money related assets than different firms that will in general work in a disconnected manner spread over a worldwide system. The accessibility of funds to exporters is because of the nearness of expanded credit over the various pieces of the worldwide worth chain. Notwithstanding, the development of occasions like worldwide monetary or liquidity emergency will in general exchange money related stuns over the global creation and flexibly chain arrange that thusly will in general evaporate the wellsprings of credit for the exporters (Warrier, 2011). Further, aside from the absence of accessibility of monetary credit the organizations likewise will in general experience the ill effects of absence of potential capital inferable from factors like the presence of transient credit and furthermore the expanding cost of advances. The expenses of the credits are basically impacted by two noticeable elements like the pace of interests charged on the advances and the necessities for various kinds of pledges. Presence of high measure of financing costs connotes that potential speculations containing expanded pace of profits and furthermore having diminished dangers are viewed as profoundly achievable in nature (Blyde, 2014). Once more, the presence of expanded insurance prerequisites is seen to make issues for the little firms to apply and pick up credits. Exporters working over the worldwide worth chains are stopped inferable from the absence of accessibility of required working capital. The decrease in the accessibility of viable working capital presents more serious hazard to the sending out firms and furthermore makes them face the trouble for producing required installments. The absence of accessibility of appropriate funds makes it hard for the makers and the financial specialists to create impressive measure of ventures for upgrading profitability using various kinds of unmistakable and immaterial assets (Raman, 2010). Mechanical Considerations The improved utilization of data innovation in the advancement of worldwide worth chains contributes in the age of required worth augmentations. The fuse of data innovation assets and framework conceivably contributes being developed and age of viable systems that is conductive for the advancement of Global Value Chains or GVCs. Utilization of compelling innovative applications for flexibly chain works in the worldwide worth chains contributes in the age of robotized renewal capacities. Further, the utilization of mechanical frameworks like Point-of-Sales (POS) and other Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) frameworks like SAP contribute in the improvement of lithe flexibly chain frameworks that not just assistance in getting the correct quality and amount of stocks for creating consumer loyalty yet additionally in decreasing down the sourcing and capacity costs. The utilization of data innovation empowered sourcing and gracefully chain framework makes the retail and different undertak ings client and market responsive in nature (Smith, 2014). Essentially, the advancement of electronic trade and omnichannel showcasing stages contributes in helping the business endeavors arrive at a bigger segment of customers in the objective market. The retailers and providers can concentrate on the utilization of web-based social networking organizing stages and different applications like electronic sends to consistently speak with the clients and addition their criticisms and proposals in regards to various classifications of stocks. It in this manner helps in sourcing the correct example and structure of stocks that would contribute in fulfilling of purchaser needs (Sehgal, 2010). In addition, the utilization of electronic acquisition and deals frameworks additionally contributes in lessening the lead times for the stocks to arrive at the clients from the finish of the providers and makers. The auspicious progression of data and providers using the data innovation mediums helps the retailers in making satisfactory and compelling arranging capacities with respect to various product classifications and in this manner in decrease of capacity cost and lead times. The joining of data and correspondence innovation apparatuses being developed of Global Value Chains in this manner in a perfect world contribute in the age of required upper hand (Li et al., 2006). HR Considerations The improvement of Global Value Chains requires vital advancements to be presented with respect to the HR measurement. The associations are required to concentrate on incorporating the key goals of the firm with the HR enlistment and preparing capacities to such an extent that the correct nature of staff can be employed and produced for improving the key seriousness of the association. The recruiting and preparing elements of the organizations are required to be normalized dependent on worldwide industry guidelines for accessing potential HR (Palevich, 2012). Further, the HR that are centered around being enlisted by the organizations are required to have performing multiple tasks capacities, aptitudes and information with the end goal that the equivalent would help the organizations in decreasing labor cost required for meeting the various sorts of business and authoritative capacities. The HR strategies of the firm are likewise required to urge the people to convey and work together with one another both using virtual and physical mediums. Improvement of collaboration and systems administration between the HR are required for aiding in the satisfaction of departmental and business targets (Morana, 2013). The HR division of the firm needs to concentrate on the improvement of an information gateway to such an extent that the equivalent can support the workers for sharing their perspectives, information and encounters in regards to various capacities like deals and client administrations and furthermore with respect to various items and business arrangements. The improvement of the information entryway would thus be able to help in causing the workers to work in a refreshed manner with respect to the gathering of business and client overhauling targets in a compelling manner. The HR office additionally needs to concentrate on the joining of compelling inspiration, evaluation, representative commitment, advancement and retentio

Immune System of a Plant

Safe System of a Plant Dynamic Two light flagging elements, FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (FHY3) and FAR-RED IMPAIRED RESPONSE 1 (FAR1) manage chlorophyll biosynthesis, seedling development and balance plant resistance by controlling HEMB1 articulation in Arabiopsis thaliana. We show that fhy3 far1 twofold invalid freaks show significant levels of receptive oxygen species, salicylic corrosive and high articulation of pathogen related qualities. We break down the impacts of this constitutively enacted insusceptible reaction on commensal microbial networks through utilization of a cutting edge sequencing based methodology. We discover that fhy3 far1 freaks contain more prominent species decent variety and a more prominent opposition against pathogenic microscopic organisms. Contagious pathogens increment in bounty in fhy3 far1 freaks. Taken together, this examination exhibits the significant job of FHY3 and FAR1 in commensal microbial network creation just as the significance of bacterial contagious relations. Presentation The Microbiome Microorganisms are an amazingly assorted gathering of life forms; making up a bewildering 60% of the Earths all out biomass (Singh, 2009). Soil continues upwards of 4-51030 microbial cells (Singh, 2009), all adding to soil structure development, deterioration, and reusing of natural issue into its constituent components and supplements. Microorganisms present in the dirt contiguous plant roots are a piece of the Rhizosphere. (Garbeva, 2004) features their crucial jobs in the concealment of plant malady (Badri DV, 2009), advancement of plant development (Lugtenberg, 2009), improvement and wellbeing (Mendes, 2011). Leaves for the most part command the airborne piece of the plant, speaking to of the most huge earthbound natural surroundings for microorganisms: the Phyllosphere (Vorholt JA, 2012). An assorted network of microbes and parasites occupy this difficult natural surroundings; with supplement insufficiency and vacillations in temperature, mugginess and UV radiation (Lindow SE, 2 003). The microbial networks here are formed by biotic variables: (Yang CH, 2001) states that species, genotype (van Overbeek L, 2008) and period of plant (Redford AJ, 2009) all have their separate effects. Abiotic factors additionally have a significant impact over the networks present inside the phyllosphere. Plant area and development conditions, for example, soil piece and atmosphere can likewise have a solid effect due to the physiochemical changes they confer. (JH, 1999) likewise takes note of how plant genotype and phenotype affects network get together. In spite of the fact that most of networks exist on the plant surface, and are subsequently epiphytic some exist inside the plant as endophytes. Species present inside the phyllosphere will in general absorb plant determined ammonium, basic starches and amino acids, which are their essential nitrogen and carbon sources (Thomas R Turner, 2013). Microorganisms vitality digestion isnt altogether subject to the plant; a few speci es contain rhodopsins. Because of the wealth of procedures which assume a job in network sythesis (Weiher E, 2011), phyla with the best adjustments for endurance and proliferation will in general prevail networks. These microorganisms can advance plant development through the creation of hormones, or shield plants from pathogenic living beings by delivering anti-toxin mixes, vieing for assets (Berg G, 2009) or acceptance of foundational obstruction (Conrath U, 2006). The utilization of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model creature has been crucial for these investigations (Innerebner G, 2011). A. thaliana is a yearly forb, happening at mild locales worldwide in a various scope of natural surroundings (Elena Garcã ­a, 2013) So as to dissect microbial networks; a couple of terms should be characterized. Biodiversity is characterized as the scope of essentially various sorts of creatures and their individual relative wealth inside a network, including three primary levels; hereditary variety between species, number of particular species and network or natural decent variety (Harpole, 2010). Two fundamental segments make up species assorted variety: the all out number of species present (species wealth) and the conveyance of people among said species (uniformity). Operational ordered units (OTU) or networks give data on a biological system (Mannan, 2013). Species decent variety identifies with the soundness of a network; efficient networks will in general have the best strength (Yannarell, 2005). Stresses can cause unsettling influences in a homeostatic network, consequently disturbing it and prompting changes in species bounties. While describing a biological system, for example, A. thaliana, one must dec ide three things: The kind of microorganisms present, their jobs and how these jobs identify with the environments work (Sani, 2011). Plant Immune Response The insusceptible arrangement of a plant has a particular impact upon its microbiome. Upon pathogen experience, a plant will evoke a resistant reaction with the objective of constraining pathogen development. Biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens (the individuals who acquire supplements from living host tissue) are repulsed by Salicylic corrosive ward resistance reactions. Necrotrophic pathogens (which slaughter their host to get supplements) are touchy to Jasmonic corrosive (JA) and Ethylene (ET) subordinate protection reactions (Christine Vogel, 2016). Plants need particular invulnerable cells; along these lines, their cells must have a capacity to detect pathogens and mount a proper safe reaction. Pathogens are distinguished by design acknowledgment receptors (PRRs) which tie to the microorganism or pathogen related atomic examples (MAMP/PAMP), in this manner giving a layer of basal safeguard known as PAMP activated insusceptibility (PTI) to forestall pathogen colonization (Chua nfu A, 2011). With the goal for pathogens to cause sickness, they should infuse effectors into plant cells, in this way meddling with PRR buildings or downstream motioning to conquer the PTI. Plants have advanced obstruction proteins which perceive effectors straightforwardly or by implication and initiate effector activated insusceptibility (ETI). This reaction is unquestionably progressively explicit, and is frequently trailed by an extremely touchy reaction (HR). R proteins, for the most part leucine-rich rehash (LRR) space containing proteins and Nucleotide-authoritative (NB) proteins are the intracellular receptors which sense pathogen determined particles (Heidrich K, 2012). Figure 1 shows a synopsis of these procedures. At the point when these proteins are actuated, creation of salicylic corrosive happens. Salicylic corrosive (SA) is a phenolic phytochrome present in plants. SA holds jobs in development, improvement, transpiration, photosynthesis and the take-up of particles. Its likewise indispensable for the procedure of endogenous flagging, intervening plant guard against pathogens. Initiation of guard flagging pathways causes the age of versatile signs from the tainted tissue, where they can spread to distal tissue. Here they can upregulate articulation of pathogenesis related qualities and prompt efficient procured opposition (SAR), a durable invulnerability against a wide range of pathogens. Salicylic corrosive intervened safe reactions are significant variables of both PTI and ETI, fundamental for the enactment of SAR. NB-LRR interceded infection obstruction may just be viable against pathogens developed on living host tissue, for example, commit or hemibiotrophic pathogens, yet not against nectrotrophs (Dangl, 2006). Downstream of the NB-LRR R proteins, the pathways ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIILITY1 (EDS1) and its accomplice PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4) act in basal opposition and ETI started by Toll-like/Interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) type NB-LRR R proteins (Vlot AC, 2009). Both PAD4 and EDS1 intensify SA motioning through a positive input circle (Wanqing Wang, 2015). Snaked loop (CC) type NB-LRR proteins are controlled by NONSPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1. At the point when SA levels increment because of pathogen challenge, redox changes are initiated which cause decrease of NON EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) to a monomeric structure which enacts resistance responsive quality articulation by collecting inside the core. This outcomes in plant resistance (Fu ZQ, 2013). Most microscopic organisms which colonize A. thaliana are not pathogenic anyway still produce MAMPs. It is right now not realized how plants can distinguish pathogenic and commensal microorganisms, and whether the acknowledgment of these non-pathogenic phyllosphere microbes triggers plant insusceptible flagging systems downstream of PTI or ETI actuation, with thump on consequences for network structure. (Christine Vogel, 2016) established that because of some non pathogenic species, the identification of MAMPS prompts no adjustment in quality articulation. Note that a few types of microorganisms can actuate transcriptional changes to shield the plants from contaminations of different species (Judith E. van de Mortel, 2012). FHY3 FAR1 Plants have created administrative systems so as to adapt to unfriendly abiotic and biotic conditions (Bray EA, 2000), anyway these are an impediment to their development and advancement. These administrative instruments actuate safe reactions and obstruction pathways on account of biotic pressure. Constitutive enactment of plant resistance would prompt impeded development and wellness, so without stress, the safe reaction must return the monstrous transcriptional reprograming, requiring tight hereditary control (Tian D, 2003). Arabidopsis thaliana needs to adjust to changes of ecological improvements, for example, light signals or temperature. Light span, course, frequency, and amount are controlled by a battery photoreceptors which screen occurrence red (R, 600-700 nm) and far red (FR, 700-750 nm) light frequencies. This is accomplished by exchanging between R retaining and FR engrossing modes through naturally dormant Pr and dynamic Pfr structures (PH, 2002). Photograph actuation of the essential photoreceptor for FR light phyA, makes translocation from the cytoplasm the core. This translocation permits acceptance of FR-responsive quality articulation required for different photoreceptors. Two sets of homologous qualities are fundamental

The Little-Known Secrets to Much Ado about Nothing Essay Topics

The Little-Known Secrets to Much Ado about Nothing Essay Topics I have chosen to center on the creation of Beatrice and Benedict's relationship. Deception marks the relationship from the start. Pick the love story which you feel is the play's major plot. If you discover that your personal experiences aren't relatable to the readers but is definitely associated with your topic, make certain you narrate it into a manner a mental picture would appear in the minds of your readers. Writing something which tickles someone's funny bone demands a great deal of prowess. If you're feeling stuck or like you've exhausted all the familiar topics that you wish to write about, perhaps it's time to have a breather and explore! It sets the degree of the interview. My long-term goal is I need to be a reason behind the rise of the organisation and settle in an excellent position in that firm. This break was crucial for giving China the chance to turn into an independent, modern-day nation i n charge of its own affairs and to get involved in affairs among the nations of earth. Not only do you have to select a proper speech topic, you have to present the speech in a means that will allow it to be memorable for your listeners. Selection will be earned on the grounds of the internet test followed by means of an Interview of candidates who qualify in the internet test and subsequent pre-recruitment Medical examination. Flexibility is essential to. The Fight Against Much Ado about Nothing Essay Topics It demonstrates that how seriously and eagerly you are searching for work and prepare for it. Nevertheless, I'm anticipating the challenge of. Hero appears to have the least quantity of agency, or self-determination once it comes to deciding on her life partner. Now I'm at a post in my life. Both of these plays are then going to be compared when it comes to character, plot, theme and dramatic structure in order to specify the similarities between them both. But do make certain that your structure is very clear and precise for everybody who would like to read it. You may want to incorporate a concise history of plastic surgery and why it has gotten so common. It's also wise to constantly work to increase your writing style and create your essay attractive to read and simple to navigate. When you set your essay buy, be certain you distribute detailed information about the analysis paper you might require. Also, prevent the obvious if you need your essay to be readable. You've got to compose an informative essay. At any time you catch yourself feeling captivated by somebody's essay or article, take a close look at it. We may have piqued their interest at the onset of the essay but in writing the introductory portion of an essay, we still must provide regard to the remaining part of the parts. You might think that interesting essay titles do all of the work, allowing you to add obvious examples and share ordinary ideas. If you still don't understand what essay topics to write about, have a look at this thought-provoking list there are lots of suggestions to consider and choose. All argumentative essays should have a thesis statement close to the start of the essay, where the writer succinctly outlines their argument in one or two sentences. Reading example essays works precisely the same way! Below, you'll find a number of the very best process essay topics that you may use for your paper. Writing funny essays and inventing funny essay topics needs a sharp brain, a great sense of humor and the capability to comprehend what clicks and what not. I. know and love for protracted amounts of time. By downloading question paper for most competitive exams, candidates will receive the idea to get ready for exam. This Examination includes four slots a day and first slot examination was over. Preliminary Examination comprising the objective test is going to be conducted online. It's totally all right not to get started with large hooks. No matter whether you've been staring out the window or avoiding the job at hand by endlessly updating your FB page, you m ust acquire writingand fast. Broad topics like music or cartoons can be extremely daunting since they leave you with lots of room for errors. How to create a sock puppet. Besides the simple fact that writing personal experiences are rather simple to write, it's also a manner of building connections and relations with your readers. You will need to provide your readers enough information so that they fully see what you're writing about. While every section of an essay is critical, it is necessary to remember that it's in the introduction where readers get to determine whether they ought to be reading the remainder of your composition or not. Your essay might incorporate the explanations for teen pregnancy and talk about the recent rates of teen pregnancy and potential solutions. However, keeping it short does not mean that you have to leave the readers with less info. For every one of them, explain what effect using verse has, if any. Describe the most important plot completely.

Igbo Ukwu (Nigeria) West African Burial and Shrine

Igbo Ukwu is an African Iron Age archaeological site located near the modern town of Onitsha, in the forest zone of southeastern Nigeria. Although it is unclear what kind of a site it is—settlement, residence, or burial—we know that the Igbo Ukwu was used during the late 10th century A.D. Igbo-Ukwu was discovered in 1938 by workmen who were digging a cistern  and professionally excavated by Thurston Shaw in 1959/60 and 1974. Eventually, three localities were identified: Igbo-Isaiah, an underground storage chamber; Igbo-Richard, a burial chamber once lined with wooden planks and floor matting and containing the remains of six individuals; and Igbo-Jonah, an underground cache of ritual and ceremonial objects thought to have been collected during the dismantling of a shrine. Igbo-Ukwu Burials The Igbo-Richard locality was clearly a burial place for an elite (wealthy) person, buried with a large array of grave goods, but it is unknown whether this person was a ruler or had some other religious or secular role in his or her community. The principal interment is an adult seated on a wooden stool, dressed in fine clothing and with rich grave effects including over 150,000 glass beads. The remains of five attendants were found alongside. The burial included a number of elaborate cast bronze vases, bowls, and ornaments, made with the lost wax (or lost latex) technique. Elephant tusks and bronze and silver objects illustrated with elephants were found. The bronze pommel of a sword hilt in the form of a horse and rider was also found in this burial, as were wooden objects and vegetable textiles preserved by their proximity to bronze artifacts. Artifacts at Igbo-Ukwu Over 165,000 glass and carnelian beads were found at Igbo-Ukwu, as were objects of copper, bronze, and iron, broken and complete pottery and burned animal bone. The vast majority of the beads were made of monochrome glass, of yellow, grayish blue, dark blue, dark green, peacock blue, and reddish brown colors. There were also striped beads and multicolored eye beads, as well as stone beads and a few polished and dull quartz beads. Some of the beads and brasses include the portrayal of elephants, coiled snakes, large felines and rams with curving horns. To date, no bead-making workshop has been found at Igbo-Ukwu, and for decades, the array and variety of glass beads found there has been the source of a great debate. If there is no workshop, where did the beads come from? Scholars suggested trade connections with Indian, Egyptian, Near Eastern, Islamic and Venetian bead makers. That fueled another debate about what kind of trade network  Igbo Ukwu was a part of. Was the trade with the Nile Valley, or with the East African Swahili coast, and what did that trans-Saharan trade network look like? Further, did the Igbo-Ukwu people trade slaves, ivory, or silver for beads? Analysis of the Beads In 2001, JEG Sutton argued that the glass beads might have been manufactured in Fustat (Old Cairo) and the carnelian might have come from Egyptian or Saharan sources, along trans-Saharan trade routes. In West Africa, the early second millennium saw increasing reliance on imports of ready-made brass from North Africa, which was then reworked into the famed lost-wax Ife heads. In 2016, Marilee Wood published her chemical analysis of pre-European contact beads from sites all over sub-Saharan Africa, including 124 from Igbo-Ukwu, including 97 from Igbo-Richard and 37 from Igbo-Isaiah. The majority of the monochrome glass beads were found to have been made in West Africa, from a mixture of plant ash, soda lime, and silica, from drawn tubes of glass that were cut into segments. She found that the decorated polychrome beads, segmented beads, and thin tubular beads with diamond or triangular cross-sections were likely imported in finished form from Egypt or elsewhere. What Was Igbo-Ukwu? The main question of the three localities at Igbo-Ukwu persists as the function of the site. Was the site simply the shrine and burial place of a ruler or important ritual personage? Another possibility is that it may have been part of a town with a resident population—and given, the West African source of the glass beads, there may well have been an industrial/metal-workers quarter. If not, there is likely some sort of industrial and artistic center between Igbo-Ukwu and the mines where the glass elements and other materials were quarried, but that hasnt been identified yet. Haour and colleagues (2015) have reported work at Birnin Lafiya, a large settlement on the eastern arc of the Niger river in Benin, that promises to shed light on several late first millennium-early second millennium sites in West Africa such as Igbo-Ukwu, Gao, Bura, Kissi, Oursi, and Kainji. The five-year interdisciplinary and international research called Crossroads of Empires may well assist in understanding the context of Igbo-Ukwu. Sources Haour A, Nixon S, NDah D, Magnavita C, and Livingstone Smith A. 2016. The settlement mound of Birnin Lafiya: new evidence from the eastern arc of the Niger River  . Antiquity 90(351):695-710.Insoll T, and Shaw T. 1997. Gao and Igbo-Ukwu: Beads, interregional trade, and beyond. African Archaeological Review 14(1):9.Onwuejeogwu. M A, and Onwuejeogwu BO. 1977. The Search for the Missing Links in Dating and Interpreting the Igbo Ukwu Finds. Paideuma 23:169-188.Phillipson, David W. 2005. African Archaeology (third edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Sutton JEG. 2001. Igbo-Ukwu and the Nile. African Archaeological Review 18(1):49-62.Wood M. 2016. Glass beads from pre-European contact sub-Saharan Africa: Peter Franciss work revisited and updated. Archaeological Research in Asia 6:65-80.

Inflation Is Measured Using The Consumer Price - 1616 Words

INFLATION Definition: Inflation refers to a sustained increase in the general price level over time as measured by a price index. In Australia inflation is measured using the Consumer Price Index, which summarizes movements in the price of a basket of goods and services, weighted according to their significance for Australian households. Measurement and Current Statistic The two most common measures of inflation are the headline rate and the underlying rate. The headline rate of inflation measures the quarterly or annual rate of change in the CPI and can be a misleading indicator due to its inclusion of goods and services whose prices are affected by one-off factors. For this reason economists prefer to analyze underlying or core inflation. This measure removes the effects of volatile price movements and can be calculated using the trimmed mean or weighted median. Australia’s current inflation rate is 1.3%, and is calculated using the following formula: Inflation Rate (%) = (Current CPI-Previous CPI)/(Previous CPI) x 100/1 Trends and Forecast Australia’s inflation rate has remained within the RBA’s target band of 2-3% for the past two decades, averaging 2.7% between 1994 and 2014, slightly above the OECD average of 2%. The RBA has achieved price stability through the use of monetary policy to control cost-push and demand-pull pressures. Globalization and reduced protectionism have exposed the Australian economy to increased levels of competition, putting downwardShow MoreRelatedUsing A Supply And Demand Framework1439 Words   |  6 Pages) Using a supply and demand framework, examine the impact on the equilibrium price and quantity of a product (or service) of an increase in the number of consumers in the market. 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The accumulation of a consumer’s monthly spending; can signal a change in inflation. In this document, I want to show how consumer spending can cause inflation and explain how inflation is monitored and measured. Each month the government tracks CPI, which is the consumer price index. CPI isRead MoreMacroeconomics And Macroeconomics Of Macroeconomics1445 Words   |  6 Pages National income, price indices, and the interrelations among the different sectors of the economy, to better understand how the whole economy functions. Macroeconomists develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation,savings, investment, international trade and international finance. In contrast, microeconomics is primarily focused on the actions of individual agents, such as firms and consumers, and how their behaviorRead MoreThe Effects Of Inflation On The Economy1572 Words   |  7 Pageswhat exactly inflation is, what its effects on an economy are, and what the root causes of inflation are. Rampant inflation is very damaging to an economy and can have long lasting effects on the country and the World financial markets. Because of gl obalization the world is more interconnected than ever and in turn no economy is fully insulated from disruptions to the global markets. The difference between inflation and hyperinflation is also discussed. As the title states, inflations damaging effectsRead MoreAustralia s Current Economic Growth1390 Words   |  6 Pagesincrease in the real GDP, which implies a rise in a nation’s economic capacity. As such, Australia’s current economic growth rate is 3% (May 2016). Inflation refers to a sustained increase in the general level of prices over a period of time, usually one year. It is measured by the percentage change in the consumer price index (CPI), which encompasses the price of a normal, weighted basket of goods and services purchased by households in the nation. Another economic issue is that of unemployment, whichRead MoreInflation Is The Rate Of Increase For Goods And Services1516 Words   |  7 PagesInflation is the rate of increase in prices for goods and services. A rise in inflation decreases the purchasing power of money, meaning consumers would have to pay more for a product than they would have had to a year earlier. It is widely accepted that there are two types of inflation, demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation. Demand-pull inflation is triggered by demand surpassing the economy’s ability to produce those goods and services required to satisfy demand. Cost-push inflation occursRead MoreEconomic Indicators Of The Disney Company1401 Words   |  6 PagesCompany will use the following economic indicators: consumer price index; productivity and cost; employment cost index; producer price index; consumer confidence level; Manufacturing and trade inventories and sales and corporate profits. Consumer price index Consumer price index is an economic indicator that is used by Disney to measure the estimation of price changes goods and services. The Disney uses the consumer price index to measure the prices changes of its different products in different countriesRead MoreEconomic Growth Of The Uk Economy1707 Words   |  7 Pagesaccommodative monetary and fiscal policy use. Inflation Inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level, leading to a fall in the purchasing power of money. It is measured in two different ways, through the Retail Price Index (RPI) and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The difference between the two is that the RPI takes into account different things compared to the CPI, such as housing costs. Currently, inflation was at 0.3% in January, measured by the CPI, with the target level being 2%

Online Brand International Marketing

Question: Describe about the Online Brand for International Marketing. Answer: Introduction Online branding is one of the most used processes of internet marketing. The prime purpose of this process is to get more attention for the brand. Every organization should pay particular attention towards the promotion of the brand or the product. For that, they must have an unyielding online branding process. For the betterment of the online branding, there are several strategies that the organizations can follow, which are discussed below. Online branding strategies For promoting a particular brand, there are some basic guidelines that need to be supported by any organization whether it is large scale or small scale. To be more precise there are certain aspects about which the management of any organization should be concerned, such as, international marketing, brand development, permission marketing and Multichannel and Omni-channel strategies (Mayrhofer, 2012). The brand development includes the process modifying the brand or the product. The global marketing involves the process of promoting the brand and making it globalized. The permission marketing deals with the legal legislations. It helps the company to get all legal permits to promote their brand and product. The Multichannel and the Omni-channel strategies deal with the communication o the organization with their customers (Verhoef, Kannan, Inman, 2015). These are the basic strategies that a company should follow. Conclusion To conclude the essay it must be admitted that the online branding plays one of the most important roles in the internet marketing of any brand or products. The strategies as mentioned earlier are very beneficial for any organization for their development as a whole. References Mayrhofer, U. (2012).Marketing international. Paris: EÃÅ' conomica. Verhoef, P., Kannan, P., Inman, J. (2015). From Multi-Channel Retailing to Omni-Channel Retailing.Journal Of Retailing,91(2), 174-181. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2015.02.005

Port Security Challenges

Tackling the issues associated with port security is of high significance for international trade. Beginning from 2001, the reality of the terrorist threat to America’s ports has increased considerably including the risk of the nuclear attack with the so-called â€Å"dirty bomb†.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Port Security Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, terrorism is not the only port security challenge. Illegal human and contraband trafficking, piracy, and cargo security are other major port security risks. In the following paper, the problem of port security and its connections to the international trade will be observed in more details. The security challenges associated with port security are terrorism, piracy, illegal human and contraband trafficking, and cargo security (Blake, Schwartz, Schwartz, 2013). Each of the fields identified has the broad scope and variety of di mensions. With regards to this fact, port security guards face the tremendously difficult operational task that becomes even more complicated owing to the complex structure of ports, complicated system of port authority distribution between the public and private stakeholders, and interference from multiple governmental and private agencies (Blake et al., 2013). The significance of mega ports to international trade can be hardly underestimated since they are the main processing harbors for over 80 percent of overseas commerce (Blake et al., 2013). In connection to mega ports, the tactics of the weak or confronting an enemy with the low-tech approaches confounds the tactics of the strong or doing the same with the highly technological weapons by means of implementing unexpected solutions (Blake et al., 2013). Sadly, terrorists have learnt how to implement the tactics of the weak quite effectively, which can be proved by the high number of dangerous occurrences on the maritime transpo rt and in ports committed by them annually (Blake et al., 2013). However, the system of security in mega ports effectively implements to eliminate terrorists’ efforts and thus, the significance of these ports are crucial. In line with the above-mentioned information, the importance of rethinking asymmetric threats is conditioned by the changes that take place at the global arena (Blake et al., 2013). Terrorists begin to implement the newest and the most unpredictable methods to attack the vulnerable points in the port protection system. The society is left no other choice but to develop to the more complex and sophisticated safety and security systems.Advertising Looking for essay on transportation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the threat of the â€Å"dirty bomb† which is the type of fission weapons remains high (Cruise, D’Erman, Grillot, 2013). Generally speaking, any bomb containing nuclear materials can be referred to as the â€Å"dirty bomb†. The relationship of this threat to port security is inevitable because placing such bombs into cargo is not a very complicated task due to the existing security gaps. The reality of a terrorist nuclear threat to America’s seaports is thus quite high. The situation is getting worse because of the sheer size of cargo being operated in ports on a daily basis and absence of the well-designed system of central authority overseeing the maritime system (Cruise et al., 2013). In conclusion, the vulnerability of American ports to the terroristic threats continues to be the reason of concern for both the government and commercial institutions engaging in the international trade. With regards to this problem, it is the high time to rethink asymmetric threats and undergo the needed changes both in thinking and implementing the newly developed security strategy in practice. References Blake, P., Schwartz, D., Schwartz, T. M. (2013). Upgrading NY-NJ Harbor: risks and challenges. International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management, 4(3), 266-282. Cruise, R. J., D’Erman, V. J., Grillot, S. R. (2013). Protecting Our Ports: Domestic and International Politics of Containerized Freight Security. New York, N.Y.: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. This essay on Port Security Challenges was written and submitted by user Bennett Odom to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Management by Objectives Essays

Management by Objectives Essays Management by Objectives Essay Management by Objectives Essay Why should organizations engage in HR Planning? Why do some organizations require relatively complex and comprehensive HR planning systems than do others? Discuss. Planning means looking ahead and chalking out the future courses of actions to be followed. The ongoing process of systematic planning to achieve optimum use of an organizations most valuable asset is human resources department. The objective of human resource (HR) planning is to ensure the best fit between employees and jobs, while avoiding manpower shortages or surpluses. The three key elements of the HR planning process are forecasting labor demand, analyzing present labor supply, and balancing projected labor demand and supply. Management by Objectives (MBO) method involves setting specific measurable goals with each employee and then periodically reviewing the progress made. Advantages: 1. It sets objectives that are quantifiable and measurable. 2. It includes the employee participation in objective-setting process. 3. It also involves employee’s active participation in developing the action plan. . It provides an opportunity for manager and employee to discuss progress and modify objectives when necessary. Disadvantages: 1. It is time consuming. 2. It may result in a tug-of-war or to and fro discussions between manager and employee for setting the objectives, action plan etc. Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) is an appraisal method that combines the benefits of narrative critical incidents and quantitative ratings. Advantages: 1. It is a relatively more accurate method of measure. 2. It has very clear defined standards. 3. It helps in providing specific constructive feedback to employees. 4. It is independent of dimensions and a consistent method for appraisal. 5. It is developed through active participation of both managers and job incumbents. 6. It has a greater chance of acceptance as both managers and incumbents are involved in its development. Disadvantages: 1. It takes considerable time and commitment to develop. 2. There are separate forms that have to be developed for different jobs. Q3. Explain the emerging trends in Human Resource Management and discuss the importance of technology on human resource function. Illustrate your answer with examples. Q4. Why should organizations engage in HR Planning? Why do some organizations require relatively complex and comprehensive HR planning systems than do others? Discuss. Planning means looking ahead and chalking out the future courses of actions to be followed. The ongoing process of systematic planning to achieve optimum use of an organizations most valuable asset is human resources department. The objective of human resource (HR) planning is to ensure the best fit between employees and jobs, while avoiding manpower shortages or surpluses. The three key elements of the HR planning process are forecasting labor demand, analyzing present labor supply, and balancing projected labor demand and supply. Management by Objectives (MBO) method involves setting specific measurable goals with each employee and then periodically reviewing the progress made. Advantages: 1. It sets objectives that are quantifiable and measurable. 2. It includes the employee participation in objective-setting process. 3. It also involves employee’s active participation in developing the action plan. 4. It provides an opportunity for manager and employee to discuss progress and modify objectives when necessary. Disadvantages: 1. It is time consuming. 2. It may result in a tug-of-war or to and fro discussions between manager and employee for setting the objectives, action plan etc. Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) is an appraisal method that combines the benefits of narrative critical incidents and quantitative ratings. Advantages: 1. It is a relatively more accurate method of measure. 2. It has very clear defined standards. 3. It helps in providing specific constructive feedback to employees. 4. It is independent of dimensions and a consistent method for appraisal. 5. It is developed through active participation of both managers and job incumbents. 6. It has a greater chance of acceptance as both managers and incumbents are involved in its development. Disadvantages: 1. It takes considerable time and commitment to develop. . There are separate forms that have to be developed for different jobs. Q3. Explain the emerging trends in Human Resource Management and discuss the importance of technology on human resource function. Illustrate your answer with examples. Q4. Why should organizations engage in HR Planning? Why do some organizations require relatively complex and comprehensive HR planning systems than do others? Discuss. Planning means looking ahead and chalking out the future courses of actions to be followed. The ongoing process of systematic planning to achieve optimum use of an organizations most valuable asset is human resources department. The objective of human resource (HR) planning is to ensure the best fit between employees and jobs, while avoiding manpower shortages or surpluses. The three key elements of the HR planning process are forecasting labor demand, analyzing present labor supply, and balancing projected labor demand and supply. Management by Objectives (MBO) method involves setting specific measurable goals with each employee and then periodically reviewing the progress made. Advantages: 1. It sets objectives that are quantifiable and measurable. 2. It includes the employee participation in objective-setting process. 3. It also involves employee’s active participation in developing the action plan. 4. It provides an opportunity for manager and employee to discuss progress and modify objectives when necessary. Disadvantages: 1. It is time consuming. 2. It may result in a tug-of-war or to and fro discussions between manager and employee for setting the objectives, action plan etc. Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) is an appraisal method that combines the benefits of narrative critical incidents and quantitative ratings. Advantages: 1. It is a relatively more accurate method of measure. 2. It has very clear defined standards. 3. It helps in providing specific constructive feedback to employees. 4. It is independent of dimensions and a consistent method for appraisal. 5. It is developed through active participation of both managers and job incumbents. 6. It has a greater chance of acceptance as both managers and incumbents are involved in its development. Disadvantages: 1. It takes considerable time and commitment to develop. 2. There are separate forms that have to be developed for different jobs. Q3. Explain the emerging trends in Human Resource Management and discuss the importance of technology on human resource function. Illustrate your answer with examples. Q4. Why should organizations engage in HR Planning? Why do some organizations require relatively complex and comprehensive HR planning systems than do others? Discuss. Planning means looking ahead and chalking out the future courses of actions to be followed. The ongoing process of systematic planning to achieve optimum use of an organizations most valuable asset is human resources department. The objective of human resource (HR) planning is to ensure the best fit between employees and jobs, while avoiding manpower shortages or surpluses. The three key elements of the HR planning process are forecasting labor demand, analyzing present labor supply, and balancing projected labor demand and supply.

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

International marketing - Essay Example Ultimately, the take away message that the reader is instilled with necessarily points definitively to the means by which globalization and the clear and incessant need for differentiation and change ultimately defines the current environment. In such a way, the preceding analysis will first seek to provide a general summary of Friedman’s book and then go on to draw inference with regards to how some of the key concepts and presentations that Friedman made can be utilized in an understanding how a firm/entity engages with a globalized appreciation for the 4P’s of marketing. Accordingly, through such an analysis, it is the hope of this author that the reader will gain a further level of inference with regards to the way in which Friedman presents his main argument as well as the applicable it and usefulness that these arguments have with relation to specific aspects of marketing that have been discussed thus far within this course. In this particular way, although Friedm an engages with a host of topics, both historical and current, the ultimate goal of his piece is to instruct the reader with regards to the key changes that must take place within the current market in order for both the United States and the individual is this owner within it to continue to leverage degree of profit within the ever-changing dynamics of the global marketplace. In such a way, even though the reader might be distracted at times with the historical and geographic journey that Friedman engages in, the ultimate understanding that is represented within each of these case studies, interviews, historical interpretations, and analysis is with regards to how the current world model has developed and will continue to develop into the near future. One of the key understandings that the reader is left with upon nearing the conclusion of Friedman’s piece is with regards to some of the key forces that pose a severe potential for harm with regards to the current dynamic that is thus far been described in his book. Rather than engaging in a level of sensationalism or fear mongering, Friedman ultimately discusses with the reader a realistic approach to each of these threats and shows how further levels of collaboration/cooperation, within the construct of the globalized system as it currently exists, is ultimately able to defeat these threats. Although there are many salient aspects discussed within Friedman’s book, the reader can specifically relate his interpretation of the interconnected and rapidly changing nature of the current economic and political system that the fines the world as specifically cogent with regards to the 4P’s of marketing. Naturally, the 4P’s necessarily refer to price, place, promotion, and product. Within the construct of a globalized world that is increasingly dependent upon the way that each of these 4P’s is evidenced within given cultures/markets, it becomes apparent to the reader that such an und erstanding and application of Friedman’s worldview, illustrated within his book, is ultimately able to exponentially expand the approach to the individual might have with regards to these 4P’s. What is meant by this is the fact that the 4P’s of marketing are oftentimes taught within the construct of a specific geographic setting. For instance, when the student integrates with an understanding of price, promotion, product, and place, the economy is oftentimes understood within the

Acting style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Acting style - Essay Example An acting style is the way a play is presented or the way an actor portrays his character. Â  It can refer to quite a few different things - like period acting (roles that take place in a different earlier, era, place or society), or stylized acting (such as the very specific styles used Restoration comedies etc.), or it may refer to verse acting (such as Shakespeare), or proper classical acting (such as ancient Greek plays), or to the early "declaiming" acting (a very stiff, presentational style directly aimed toward the audience), or to modern-day acting (such as we see today in contemporary comedy and drama where actors act realistically). Â  Two major classifications of acting style can be made as presentational and representational. Where representational refers to modern realistic acting and representational refers to the more formal or exaggerated acting styles of old (Kernodle) In 1971, Alan Schneider directed an historic video taped performance of Samuel Becketts Krapps Last Tape, starring Jack MacGowran. The play dramatized an old mans struggle to repossess his youth by searching through reels of audiotape. The style of acting adopted by MacGowarn is simple and realistic as is characteristic in contemporary cinema. He conveys the old mans age and disability (he is nearly half-blind) through body movements and literally no dialogue at all. There are no other actors and the only props are a single table and chair in an otherwise empty room. The film is totally focused on the old man and his every expression. MacGrowan uses his facial and subtle body movements to convey his infirmity and even the joy and difficulty at eating a banana is emoted with great ability and expression in total silence. In 1964 Camera Three, New York, NY produced a short film featuring James Cahill, John Heffernan & Roy Scheider based on excerpts from Ben Jonsons 17th century comedy of

Understanding Your Role As A Teacher Essay Example for Free

Understanding Your Role As A Teacher Essay I have been asked to critically examine and discuss the work of three selected authors and to compare and contrast their views. I will link this theory to my experience of working with children, and give my own views and how this has developed my understanding in my role as a trainee teacher. The readings I have chosen to discuss and compare are: An Introduction to Children’s Learning (Ray Potter), The Significance of Young Children’s Personal, Social and Emotional Development (Dowling M) and How Children Learn (Curtis A, O’Hagan M). Potter discusses how behaviourism and cognitive development are the two most widely regarded theories in the approaches to learning and how these theories have implications for teaching. ‘Behaviourism is a theory of learning focusing on observable behaviours and discounting any mental activity.’ (Pritchard 2008:6). He discusses several theorists and how their theories help children learn, and how teachers manage learning more effectively in the classroom. He talks about behaviourism and how children learn from life experiences. ‘Behaviourist claims that we are what we are, not because of innate intelligence or genetic factors, but solely due to our life experiences’. Potter (cited in Jacques et al 2004:63). Skinner, a pioneer in behaviourism, believed that behaviour could be controlled through ‘conditioning’, the act of rewarding desired behaviour (positive reinforcement) and ignoring undesired behaviour (negative reinforcement). Many of Skinner’s theories branch from his animal experiments, whereby he would reward with food and punish when saw unacceptable behaviour. This is highlighted in An Introduction to Children’s Learning (Potter), as to how this theory has been adapted in today’s schools. â€Å"Conditioning occurs in many schools in the morning when the children first arrive in the playground. They will be playing and talking to each other when they see their teacher come into the playground. The children will immediately line up in front of their teacher ready to go in to school†. This I observe everyday in my school setting. In the Introduction to Children’s Learning (Ray Potter) it states that children achieve well through the â€Å"behaviourist psychology which goes back many years to Pavlov and Skinner, thus children learn by listening carefully to get the correct stimulus and through the repeated reinforcement of correct responses†. This is evident in schools today, whereby teachers encourage children to chant and repeat facts across the curriculum. This is in the hope that repetition will result in the information becoming innate, consequently allowing the children to regurgitate at the drop of a hat, but it could argued do the children lose the meaning. One has to ask however, how successful is this for all children? Biggs (cited in Leask 2009:89) ‘A pupil’s motivation influences the learning strategies they adopt. A pupil with an instrumental motivation is likely to adopt reproducing or rote learning strategies.’ Do children retain this knowledge? We know now after many years of research that not all children benefit from the dated ‘talk and chalk’ style of teaching. The philosopher Confucius cited in Ray Potter’s In the Introduction to Children’s Learning, pondered the theory â€Å"I do and I understand†, this was later developed by Piaget who based his cognitive theories and ‘emphasis on doing, activity and experience children learn through interaction with their environment’. (Kitsen et al 1997:2) ‘Piaget was actually keenly aware of the importance of social factors in children’s learning.’ Bruner believed that children think through three modes, enactive (actions), iconic (pictures), and symbolic (words and numbers). Providing the information is presented in an appropriate way and the information is appropriate to the child’s age, then the child will be able to understand and learn from it. Bruner’s theory is that children’s learning is active and they base concepts on their previous knowledge. The past knowledge helps the learner to process the new information to support decisions in the form of cognitive development. This allows the child to build on past experience and develop further the information given. Like, Vygotsky, Bruner also believed that social interaction and culture played a big role in cognitive development. ‘Bruner felt that children were organised according to their experiences and that they are active in their learning’ (Tassoni, 2005:197). Potter also discusses cognitive theories and how the next generation theorist such as Piaget, Vygostsky and Bruner believe that memory, understanding and thinking are vital in children’s learning. ‘But these are the very stuff of the next generation of theorists, the cognitivists.’ Potter, (cited in Jacques et al 2004:66). The role of social interaction is based on theories from Vygotsky and Bruner. To put the role of social interaction into place at school the pupil and teacher need to work together by the teacher helping to create meaning, rather than dictating what is to be learned. Learning through social interaction does not always occur in school. Children also learn through social interaction with their peers, parents and other adults. A prime example of this social impact that is used in many schools today is the use of the school council. Children regardless of age, economical background, race and gender can voice their views and have their views challenged in a safe environment. ‘Social interaction (particularly those which take place between themselves) may facilitate the course of development by exposing a child to other points of view and to conflicting ideas which may encourage him to re-think or review his ideas’ (Wood 1998:17). Piaget’s theory maintains that children need to overcome a sequence of stages in development. These stages are complex and appear in four main categories. The sensory-motor stage begins from birth to two years, the child learns through sensory experiences and movement. The pre-operational stage from approximately two to seven years of age, when the child begins to develop the skill of using symbols and how things look, yet they are unable to direct logical thinking. By the age of seven to eleven or twelve children have begun to make connections by thinking logically and associating their thoughts to concrete situations, Piaget describes this as the concrete-operational stage. At approximately eleven or twelve the formal operational stage falls into place, by this age to adulthood we begin to use more sophisticated levels of abstract and logical thinking. He believes the development of stages from childhood to adulthood is a consequence of the individual’s experience with the environment around them. They are learnt through assimilation, accommodation and adaptation. ‘Every living thing must adapt to its environment if it is to survive.’ Vygotsky focused on language and communication as a support to a child’s cognitive development. He looked at how children interact with their peers and adults and how it influences their communication and language on a social level. This form of social interaction does not always have to be verbal, gesture and body language is communication learned though peers or adults. Another aspect of Vygotsky’s theory is the zone of proximal development. This is when development is gained through social behaviour. The skills of social interaction can be developed further with guidance from adults and peers. We as facilitators can support learners by scaffolding, gradually reducing support so the child becomes capable of independently completing a task. ‘The ‘zone of proximal development’ seems a vital idea for teachers to have in mind when talking to individual children. Could it be applied to pairs? Or to small groups? Or to a whole class?’ (Kitson et al, 1997:154). Dowling discusses how children’s personal, social and emotional development has a significant factor in children’s learning. Dowling explains that three themes often occur in any debate about early childhood issues, which are -context, continuity and controversy. An ideal example of this in practise is a well managed Foundation Stage classroom. Being an unqualified Reception teacher for the past two years, I have observed and experienced this environmental situation of context, continuity and controversy. For example role play areas are set in line with the topic e.g. Healthy Eating- setting up a restaurant. However the theory of constructivism being the idea that things are the way they are, is socially constructed e.g., boys play with cars, girls play with dolls. This is an integral part of everyday life. Toys are being marketed gender specifically. Children often arrive in a school setting with premeditated views coming from the way they have been brought up and through media advertisement. This can counteract the good practise that is trying to be initiated in foundation Stage settings of today. Cultural assumptions, according to Richardson, the ‘nature’ of girls’ and boys’ behaviour reproduce rather than expose inequality and work against young women in schools while supporting gendered stereotypes in society.’ (1997:25). When the children immerse themselves in the theme, their personal, social and emotional development thrives and their creativity blossoms. The current way the Foundation Stage is run nationally has been very successful in that funding has been given to early year’s education to allow schools to be successful in their early years teaching and development. However the new government has controversially pulled all of this funding and at present we are unsure as educators of which directive we will be undertaking. In contrast Dowling explains that in China children who attend Kindergartens receive homework in literacy and numeracy. The focus is on academic achievement rather than personal, social and emotional development. Therefore it has been found that these children rarely gain these skills in later life. Dowling (2000:17) ‘Asian education methods have valued academic development while damaging other aspects of children’s growth, which help them to live and achieve in society.’ It is similar to the theories of Piaget, Bruner and Skinner but I believe the actual concept that is being modelled is wrong if we are to educate young people to live successfully in today’s society. Similarly Curtis and O’Hagan discuss how factors can affect learning. They introduce the chapter by focusing on ‘What is learning? They discuss several ways children learn and factors which can affect this. These are development, environmental factors, and periods of learning, memory, concentration, cognitive styles, and intelligence. They believe children construct their knowledge and understanding through their experience with the environment, and that learning is active and experience based. They agree that children are not less knowledgeable than adults, that children just see the world differently at their level. In my classroom adults often celebrate when they have learnt something new, especially when the learning has been imparted from the child to an adult. The child just prioritises their learning differently from the adult. Children need this scaffolding in order to develop in many ways. This lending itself to Vygotsky’s theory. (Pollard 1994:13) ‘’they are thus seen as intelligent social actors who, although their knowledge base may be limited in absolute terms, are capable in many ways.’ In conclusion to the theories looked at, are all based around children’s learning and similar in view.. It is possible to learn from each of them and use the theory in practice in a classroom. As a teacher I would be more inclined towards Vygotsky’s theory. This is mainly due to the fact that we can challenge children to go beyond what they already know in our school environment. (Curtis et al 2005:36) ‘Educators began to realise that a stimulating environment could increase intelligence.’ For children to experience a broad and balanced curriculum we as facilitators need to be able to challenge and help children develop further. In order to help them do this we need to scaffold their learning by gradually withdrawing support and guidance so that the child can perform the task independently. I feel scaffolding is a skill that will develop overtime with experience promoting desired behaviour. (Corrie, 2002:174) ‘Teachers scaffold children’s learn ing when they help them to achieve something that they, could not do without the teachers assistance.’ The ability to judge how much and how little support is a difficult notion and varies from child to child. From Piaget, I have learned that for children to work independently and solve problems they need to build on their past experiences. Despite this I believe that with the guidance of a more knowledgeable peer or adult the child can learn through social interaction. Through social interaction a child might learn today what might take them weeks to learn if left to explore individually. I would suggest that if we can help and challenge children to go beyond what they know, they would continuously be learning new knowledge. I am also aware from working in inner city school; social factors have a huge influence in children’s learning. I understand how important it is to promote positive role modelling and give children first hand experiences in order to learn. ‘The context of the school can make a significant difference to children’s behaviour, self concept and self esteem as these accounts testify.’ (Rogers, 2009:13). Bibliography Jacques, K. Hyland, R. (2004) Professional Studies: Primary Phase, London: Learning Matters Ltd. Kitson, N. Merry, R. (1997)Teaching in the Primary School, London: Routledge. Leask, M (2009) Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools. Oxon: Routledge. Llleris, K. (2007) How We Learn: learning and non learning in school and beyond. London: Routledge Pollard, A. Bourne, J. (1994) Teaching and Learning in the Primary School. London: Sage. Prichard, A. (2008) Ways of Learning: Learning theories and Learning Styles in the Classroom. Oxon: Routledge. Richardson, V (1997) Constructivist Teacher Education: Building New Understandings. Great Britain: Biddles Ltd Rogers, B (2009) Manage Children’s Challenging Behaviour London: Sage Tassoni, P. (2005) Diploma in Child Care and Education. Oxford: Reed Educational Professional Publishing Ltd. Thornton, S. (2008) Understanding Human Development. London: Pelgrave Macmillan Wood , D. (1998) How Children Think and Learn, 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Imprisonment of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpa

Imprisonment of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper When asked the question of why she chose to write 'The Yellow Wallpaper', Charlotte Perkins Gilman claimed that experiences in her own life dealing with a nervous condition, then termed 'melancholia', had prompted her to write the short story as a means to try and save other people from a similar fate. Although she may have suffered from a similar condition to the narrator of her illuminating short story, Gilman's story cannot be coined merely a tale of insanity. Insanity is the vehicle for Gilman's larger comment on the atrocities of social conformity. The main character of "The Yellow Wallpaper" comes to recognize the inhumanity in society's treatment of women, and in her awakening to this, visualizes her torment in the faded yellow wallpaper that hangs in her chambers, her jail. The unnamed narrator of the tale is purposefully left unnamed; the narrator could be any wife, any mother, any woman. Gilman transforms the hysterical, insane female of early 19th century literature into g enius. The first striking image that readers of "The Yellow Wallpaper" are presented with is not that of a room, it is not of the house, but of the character of John, the husband. John is described as a man of a "practical and extreme" nature (246). His presence throughout the tale provides for the narrator's motive. John refuses to accept her wife's condition; he does not believe that there is anything truly wrong with her. If a physician of high standing, and one's own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression, a slight hysterical tendency - what is one to do? (246) The narrator is possessed by her hus... ...ion. Sven Birkerts. Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon, 1992. 387-400. Haney-Peritz, Janice. "Monumental Feminism and Literature's Ancestral House: Another Look at 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Women's Studies 12 (1986): 113-128. Johnson, Greg. "Gilman's Gothic Allegory: Rage and Redemption in 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Studies in Short Fiction 26 (Fall 1989): 521-530. King, Jeanette, and Pam Morris. "On Not Reading Between the Lines: Models of Reading in 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Studies in Short Fiction 26.1 (Winter 1989): 23-32. Knight, Denise D. "The Reincarnation of Jane: 'Through This' - Gilman's Companion to 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Women's Studies 20 (1992): 287-302. Rigney, Barbara Hill. Madness and Sexual Politics in the Feminist Novel: Studies in Bronte, Woolf, Lessing, and Atwood. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1978.

How Can Building Surveyors Efficiently Differentiate Asr and Attack

Contents 1. Introduction2 2. Concrete attacks2 3. Alkali-Silica Reaction – ASR3 4. Sulphate Attack5 5. Reference List8 1. Introduction This report was issued in order to provide an in depth understanding of how a surveyor can differentiate between Alkali-Silica Reaction and Sulphate attacks in concrete when inspecting a building. In order to satisfy the requirements for this report, the author will give a detailed description of both kind of attacks, different study areas, experiments, diagnosis and forms of repair.To be able to define and analyse this topic, the author of this report has used different sources of reference such as books, academic journals, World Wide Web and several British Standards. By the end of this report, the writer will be able to demonstrate that the questioned concrete attacks can be differentiated by any professional surveyor when inspecting the concrete in a building. 2. Concrete attacks Chemical attacks usually occurs when using poor quality cemen t although good concrete has been known to be subjected to conditions that can lead to its deterioration.The environment â€Å"supplies† several physical and chemical forces which can contribute to concrete deterioration. BRE (2005) delivered a full list of chemical attacks that can arise both land contaminated by human and natural ground. There are several rarely occurred chemical attacks that are mainly caused by contaminated land; these are chemical species such as ammonium or chromium, but also organic such as phenols. The higher the quantity of these chemicals is, the higher the concrete attack.The most known forms of concrete attacks are: * Chloride penetration leading to corrosion of steel and spilling of the concrete cover; * Inadequate cover of reinforcing steel. Less common causes of concrete deterioration caused by chemicals or chemical reaction are: * Cycles of freezing and thawing; * Carbonation resulting in an increase of steel corrosion; * Sulphate attack; * Sh rinking aggregates; * Alkali-aggregate reactions. . Alkali-Silica Reaction – ASR It is believed that there are three types of alkali-aggregate reactions that will affect the condition of concrete: alkali-silicate reaction, alkali-carbonate reaction and alkali-silica reaction. It is believed that the alkali-silica reaction â€Å"may be found in the concrete because microcrystalline quartz or stained quartz is often present in aggregates contacting phyllosilicates† (Hobbs D. W. , 1988).The Institution of Structural Engineers (1988) described Alkali-Silica Reaction as being a chemical process in which the alkalis, found mostly in cement, when combined with specific types of silica found in aggregates, particularly in moist condition, will produce an alkali-silica gel that eventually will absorb the moisture from concrete, causing cracking and disruptions of concrete. British Cement Association (1993) advised that in order to determine that the inspected concrete cracking is a result of Alkali-Silica Reaction, the surveyor should sample and test the area â€Å"before any definite interpretation can be attempted†.Because of poor workmanship, shrinkage, weathering or differential stresses, the concrete can produce characteristics that will often be confused with Alkali-Silica Reaction. BCA (1993) are aware that â€Å"it is not always easy to distinguish these features from those indicative of ASR†. Their recommendation is that if suspected the sample should be taken into laboratory and further investigated. Because of the damping characteristics, the surveyor should allow dry weather when inspecting a suspected Alkali-Silica Reaction area.The degree of wetting should be recorded by the surveyor as this might be due to rain, condensation, leaking pipes, water run-off or poor detailing of construction. A second inspection is recommended if damp patches at the junction of the cracks are observed. It is known that Alkali-Silica Reaction will form a mapping crack at the surface of the concrete. Fig 1 is and extreme example of macrocracking found at the Hoover Dam, USA. Fig1. Example of cracking due to ASR at the Hoover Dam, USA Image taken from Hobbs, D. W. (1988, pp. 16)As it can be seen from the image, there are specific signs that this is an Alkali-Silica Reaction such as damp patches at the junction of the cracks and the edges of the cracks often appearing to be light in colour. Cracking like this will often be confused by surveyors as being caused by an expansion or contraction. As it was said before, one major feature of Alkali-Silica Reaction in concrete is cracking. In order to record data for further investigations, the surveyor should sketch or photograph the crack pattern. One other characteristic of Alkali-Silica Reaction is discoloration.This occurs along the cracks and although similar to rust caused by reinforce bars within the concrete, the surveyor is advised that colour photographs are to be taken for a n off-site second investigation. If occurred in reinforced concrete, the cracks caused by Alkali-Silica Reaction will tend to follow the lines of the reinforcing bars. Although often confused with the cracks produced by the corrosion of the reinforcements, in order to provide a definite confirmation of ASR, the surveyor should enforce a microscopic examination of a sample taken from the interior of the concrete.It is often that the surveyors confuse the cracking pattern of the affected cement. Other characteristics of Alkali-Silica Reaction are discoloration, efflorescence, exudations and pop-outs. 4. Sulphate Attack â€Å"Sulphate attack is the term used to describe a series of chemical reactions between sulphate ions and the components of hardened concrete, principally the cement paste, caused by exposure of concrete to sulphate moisture† ( Skalny et al. 2002, p. 3) It is well known that sulphate attack mainly affects the brickwork and concrete by creating a disruption of t he mortar. The sulphate attack can create expansion, bowing and/or cracking of affected material. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) are the most vulnerable to sulphate environments (Bonshor 1996, Amin et al. 2007). OPC is one of the most common cement used in construction industry. Its main composition is ground limestone and clay.When burned, these components form the basis of most concretes. According to Ramson (1993, p. 19) if bauxite is used instead of clay, a high-alumina cement is produced. The main characteristic of this cement is its rapid rate of strengths developed and also if not ‘covered’ the high resistance to sulphate attacks. This can be one of the first evidence for surveyors that the concrete is not affected by sulphate attack. The main idea of sulphate attacks is simple.Bonshor and Bonshor (1996) describes that the sulphate salts migrating from neighbouring building materials, or sometimes even enclosed in th e groundwater react with elements of the OPC to produce ettringite or thaumasite. The most common circumstance of sulphate attack is when the unprotected concrete contains sulphate based materials or is exposed to sulphate groundwater. There are three main requirements necessary for sulphate attack to occur: (i) soluble sulphate salts such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium.It is important to specify that attacks from different sulphates will have different result. Mortars or concretes attacked by sulphates such as calcium or sodium will have a soft mush; on the other side when attacks form magnesium sulphate occurs, this being considered the most aggressive, the main feature of this attack are the salts that sometimes crystallize out or near the surface of the attacked material; (ii) tricalcium aluminate consisted in ordinary or rapid hardening cement; (iii) a persistent wetness on the material.To understand the main manifestations of sulphate attacks in building component s, the author will describe the visual characteristics that a surveyor will look for, in order to distinguish and recognise when sulphate attack has occurred. * The mortar in the brickwork is considered by Addleson and Rice (1995) to be under sulphate attack from as early as two years after construction. One of the main visual appearances of the attack is the white colour of the cement. The mortar subjected to sulphate attack will become loose at the surface, sometimes presenting cracks along the bed joists.It is important to mention that surveyors often confuse the horizontal cracking from rendered walls caused by corrosion of strip ties in cavity walls with the sulphate attack. Bonshor and Bonshor (1996) recommend that if not confident with the diagnosis from visual inspection, the surveyor should sample the affected mortar and further examine in a specialist laboratory. University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol (2006) advice that sulphate attacks occurs where saturation is greatest and usually around parapet walls and chimney.This is due to the large exposer to rainfall. UWE believe that although in some cases repairs are possible, in most instances once started, the sulphate attack is impossible to stop therefore the only option is the re-building. * When the sulphate attack is detected in rendered brickwork there are several visual signs for a surveyor to distinguish the type of attack. Wide horizontal and vertical cracks will appear in the rendering. Outward curling of the rendering in the cracks might appear as a result of sulphate attack. Fig2. Example of Sulphate Attack on chimney brickworkImage taken from University of the West of England, Bristol, (2006) The adhesion of the rendering on the brickwork may fail; this can result in rendering falling off either from one brick or even a large portion this depending on the seriousness of the attack on brickwork. If untreated, the brickwork may be exposed to efflorescence. * There are several occasi ons when the sulphate attack occurs on the underside of the ground slabs. If not isolated by a damp proof membrane, the salts in the ground will react with the Portland cement causing a map-pattern of cracking.Bonshor and Bonshor (1996) recommend that BRE Digest 363 will provide guidance in the case of a sulphate attack on concrete. Generally sulphate attack in ground-bearing slabs will form cracks in a solid ground floor mainly if the recycled colliery shale has been used as capping layer for the ground underneath the slab. Because the sulphate attack in ground bearing slabs, the surveyor will have to investigate further whether the slab has a damp proof membrane and if possible what sort of material has been used as colliery shale fill.WRAP Organisation (2011) recommends colliery shale should be tested for sulphates especially if it is to be used in proximity to concrete. As building professional, a surveyor will be able to differentiate between Alkali-Silica Reaction and Sulphate attacks in concrete. There are several visual differences between these two chemical attacks. One of the major confusion made by surveyors is when inspecting a cracking pattern in a building. It is highly recommended that if suspected, the surveyor should take samples for laboratory examination. There are numerous chemical reactions that are likely to produce disruptive cracking in buildings.This is the reason why a professional surveyor should not rush and give diagnosis unless entirely sure about the cause. Word count: 1759 5. Reference List Addleson, L. and Rice, C. (1995) Performance of materials in buildings. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Alan Wood & Partners (2012) Sulphate attack . Available at: http://www. alanwood. co. uk/pdf/Sulphate-Attack. pdf (Accessed on 5th October 2012). Amin, M. M. , Jamaludin, S. B. , Pa, F. C. & Chuen, K. K. (2008) ‘Effects of magnesium sulphate attack on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) mortars’, Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta, (26) , pp. 235-242. Bonshor, R. B. and Bonshor, L.L. (1996) Cracking in buildings. London: Construction Research Communication. British Cement Association (1993) The diagnosis of alkali-silica reaction. Available at: http://homepage. tudelft. nl/n89v3/LinkedDocuments/1992-DiagnosisOfASR. pdf (Accessed on 5th October 2012). Cook, G. K. and Hinks, A. J. (1992) Appraising building defects: perspectives on stability and hygrothermal performance. Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical. El-hachem, R. , Roziere, E. , Grondin, F. & Loukili, A. (2012) ‘New procedure to investigate external sulphate attack on cementitious materials’, Cement & Concrete Composites, (34), pp. 57-364. Farny, J. A. & Kosmatka, S. H. (1997) Diagnosis and control of Alkali-aggregate reactions in concrete. Available at: http://www. nebrconcagg. com/assets/PromotionPages/Mix%20Design/ASR1. PDF (Accessed on 6th October 2012). Giaccio, G. , Zerbino, R. , Ponce, J. M. & Batic, O. R. (2008) ‘Mechanical behavi our of concretes damaged by alkali-silica reaction’, Cement and Concrete Research, (38), pp. 993-1004. Hobbs, D. W. (1988) Alkali-silica reaction in concrete. London: Thomas Telford. Mittermayr, F. , Bauer, C. , Klammer, D. , Bottcher, M. E. , Leis, A. Escher, P. & Deitzel, M. (2012) ‘Concrete under sulphate attack: an isotope study on sulphur sources’, Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 48 (1), pp. 105-117. Ransom, W. H. , (1993) Building failures: diagnosis and avoidance. 2nd edn. London: E & FN Spon. Sachlova, S. , Prikryl, R. & Pertold, Z. (2010) ‘Alkali-silica reaction products: Comparison between samples from concrete structures and laboratory test specimens’, Materials Characterization, (61), pp. 1379-1393. Sarkan, S. , Mahadevan, S. , Meeussen, J. C. L. , van der Sloot, H. & Kosson, D. S. 2010) ‘Numerical simulation of cementitious materials degradation under external sulphate attack’, Cement & Concrete Composites, (32 ), pp. 241-252. Skalny, J. , Marchand, J. & Odler, I. (2002) Sulphate attack on concrete. London: Spon Press. The Concrete Society (1985) Alkali-silica reaction: new structures-specifying the answer existing structures-diagnosis and assessment. London: Concrete Society. The Institution of Structural Engineers (1988) Structural effects of alkali-silica reaction: interim technical guidance on appraisal of existing structures. London: the Institution of Structural Engineers.University of the West of England, Bristol, (2006) Durability of clay bricks. Available at: https://environment7. uwe. ac. uk/resources/constructionsample/Conweb/walls/bricks/section6. htm (Accessed on 20th October 2012). WRAP, (2011) Burnt and unburnt colliery spoil, Available at: http://aggregain. wrap. org. uk/applications/wrap_pdf/aggregain/pdf_material. cfm? id=2910 (Accessed on 22th October 2012). Zerbino, R. , Giaccio, G. , Batic, O. R. & Isaia, G. C. (2012) ‘Alkali-silica reaction in mortars and concre tes incorporating natural rice husk ash’, Construction and Building Materials, (36), pp. 796-806.

King Lear Essay - 1056 Words

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The Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals came from nomadic, Turkish-speaking peoples of the central Asia who conquered the settled agricultural lands of Anatolia, Persia†¦show more content†¦Sulayman the Magnificent also expanded the Ottoman territory under his rule dramatically by conquering Baghdad and adding the Tigris and Euphrates valleys to the Ottoman domain. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Safavid empire was first ruled by Shah Ismail, a 14 year old boy. He gained control of the empire by entering Tabriz at the head of an army and laying claim to the ancient Persian imperial title of the shah. The Safavids traced their ancestry back to Safi al Din, leader of a sufi religious order in northwestern Persia. Shah Ismail also decided for the religion of the Safavid empire to be Twelver Shiism . Twelver Shiism held that there had been twelve infallible imams ( or religious leaders) after Muhammad, beginning with the prophet’s cousin and son-in-law Ali. 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